en Adults Hematology & Oncology Adults Hematology & Oncology مقاله مروری Review Article <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="line-height:2;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Breast cancer management has been revolutionized by the identification of key oncogenes which serve as critical diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. These molecular alterations influence tumor behavior, treatment response, and patient outcomes, enabling personalized therapeutic strategies. This review comprehensively examined the most prominent oncogenes&mdash;HER2, PIK3CA, MYC, and BRCA1/2&mdash;implicated in breast carcinogenesis, the technologies used for their detection, and their implications for precision oncology. HER2 amplification, found in 15-20% of breast cancers, is associated with aggressive disease but responds well to targeted therapies like trastuzumab. While IHC and FISH remain standard detection methods, emerging technologies such as NGS improve sensitivity. PIK3CA mutations, common in HR+ tumors, drive therapy resistance but can be targeted with PI3K inhibitors, though clinical responses vary. The MYC oncogene promotes tumor proliferation and poor prognosis, but its therapeutic targeting remains challenging due to its complex role. BRCA1/2 mutations significantly increase hereditary breast cancer risk, particularly in TNBC and HR+ subtypes. PARP inhibitors have shown remarkable efficacy in BRCA-mutated cancers, highlighting the importance of genetic testing. Despite these advances, challenges such as tumor heterogeneity, assay standardization, and biomarker validation persist. Future directions include multi-omics integration, liquid biopsy development, and AI-driven diagnostics to refine precision oncology approaches.</span></span></span></div> Breast Cancer, Oncogenes, Biomarkers 70 82 http://ijbc.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-1999-2&slc_lang=en&sid=1 Amir Abbas Esmaeilzadeh ab.esmailzadeh@yahoo.com 100319475328460012187 100319475328460012187 Yes Department of Research of Salamat Yar Behesht Dayan, Dayanbiotech Co, Iran. Dorsa Azizikhezri 100319475328460012188 100319475328460012188 No Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Zahra Fatahi 100319475328460012189 100319475328460012189 No Imam reza hospital, kermanshah university of medical science, kermanshah, iran Hamed Saeidi 100319475328460012190 100319475328460012190 No Department of Biology, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Iran Mohammadtaghi Fazel 100319475328460012191 100319475328460012191 No Department of Research, Ocean Pharmaceutical Products Company, Tehran, Iran. Fatemeh Nasirzadeh 100319475328460012192 100319475328460012192 No Department of Life Science Engineering, Tehran University, Iran.