en Infectious Diseases Infectious Diseases مقاله مروری Review Article <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span style="line-height:2;">Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) is a hematological malignancy characterized by the presence of the BCR-ABL1 fusion gene, which leads to uncontrolled proliferation of leukemic cells. Despite the effectiveness of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (TKIs) such as imatinib, dasatinib, and nilotinib in controlling CML, treatment resistance remains a major clinical challenge. The mechanisms contributing to resistance include BCR-ABL1 mutations, epigenetic modifications, and dysregulated microRNA (miRNA) expression. Gene expression profiling serves as a crucial tool for understanding disease progression, identifying novel therapeutic targets, and predicting treatment responses. This study explores the molecular basis of TKI resistance in CML through differential gene expression analysis, highlighting key biomarkers such as STAT5, BCL2L1 (Bcl-XL), MCL1, miR-150, and MYC. Additionally, we discuss emerging treatment strategies, including next-generation TKIs (asciminib, olverembatinib), non-BCR-ABL targeted therapies (mTOR inhibitors, JAK2 inhibitors, and HDAC inhibitors), and innovative approaches such as oncolytic viruses, exosome-based therapies, and CRISPR gene editing. Understanding the genetic and molecular landscape of CML can help optimize treatment strategies, improve early resistance detection, and advance personalized medicine for CML patients.</span></span></span></div> Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML), BCR-ABL1, Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (TKIs), Drug Resistance, Gene Expression Profiling, Epigenetics, Personalized Medicine, Targeted Therapy. 36 46 http://ijbc.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-1220-2&slc_lang=en&sid=1 Butool Zahra Rizvi 100319475328460012858 100319475328460012858 No Department of Biotechnology Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti Language University Lucknow, India. Riya Nag 100319475328460012859 100319475328460012859 No Department of Biochemistry, Eras Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Era University, Lucknow 226003, Uttar Pradesh, India. Syed Tasleem Raza tasleem24@gmail.com 100319475328460012860 100319475328460012860 Yes Department of Biochemistry, Eras Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Era University, Lucknow 226003, Uttar Pradesh, India. Sanchita Srivastava 100319475328460012861 100319475328460012861 No Department of Biotechnology, Era’s Lucknow Medical College and Hospital Lucknow, India. Ale Eba 100319475328460012862 100319475328460012862 No Department of Biotechnology, Era’s Lucknow Medical College and Hospital Lucknow, India. Saliha Rizvi 100319475328460012863 100319475328460012863 No Department of Biotechnology, Era’s Lucknow Medical College and Hospital Lucknow, India. Naseem Fatima 100319475328460012864 100319475328460012864 No Department of Biotechnology, Era’s Lucknow Medical College and Hospital Lucknow, India. Farheen Khan 100319475328460012865 100319475328460012865 No Department of Biotechnology, Era’s Lucknow Medical College and Hospital Lucknow, India.