Iranian Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Society Iranian Journal of Blood and Cancer 2008-4595 15 4 2023 9 1 Clostridium Bacteria: The Team of Microscopic Oncologists 178 202 EN Rosa Behboodi Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India Arman Saadati Partan Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch, Karaj, Iran Sepideh Meidaninikjeh Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran Yasamin Morvarid Medical Genomics Research Center, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Haniyeh Sadat Hosseininia Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Science, Tehran Islamic Azad University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Maryam Sayhinouri Department of Immunology, Afzalipour Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Armaghan Shirinsokhan Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran Sahar Javadi Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran Amin Ebrahimi Sadrabadi Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACER, Tehran, Iran Arsalan Jalili Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACER, Tehran, Iran As we approach the year 2023, the global rise in cancer mortality remains a pressing concern. Recent studies have demonstrated the remarkable potential of bacteria in combating cancer by stimulating the immune system. Exciting evidence suggests that bacterial therapy can revolutionize both the treatment and diagnosis of tumors. To effectively classify and treat tumors, the introduction of obligate or optional anaerobic bacteria into solid tumors may be necessary. Notably, certain strains of Clostridium have proven to be particularly effective in cancer treatment. A fascinating natural phenomenon lies in the ability of Clostridium spores to infiltrate tumors and selectively germinate in hypoxic regions within dense tumors upon injection into a vein. This bacterial invasion directly eliminates tumor cells by enhancing the presence of tumor-specific antigens, enabling the immune system to recognize and attack cancerous cells. Although these bacteria do not directly destroy tumor cells, their activation of the immune system holds great promise for eradicating them. Currently, an extensive range of bacteria is employed for cancer treatment, designing bacteria-carrying pharmaceutical compounds, and facilitating radiotherapy or radiation therapy. Additionally, genetic manipulation techniques can enable bacteria to specifically target tumor tissue and inhibit angiogenesis. In this comprehensive review, we delve into the potential advantages of utilizing Clostridium bacteria in cancer medications. Specifically, we explore the abilities of Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium novi to induce angiogenesis, provoke immune responses, and operate within oxygen-deprived environments.  

Iranian Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Society Iranian Journal of Blood and Cancer 2008-4595 15 4 2023 9 1 From viral encounter to leukemic challenge: a case of isolated molecular relapse in a child with acute promyelocytic leukemia after SARS-CoV-2 infection 203 211 EN babak abdolkarimi Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, ‎Khorramabad, Iran‎ ali amanati Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Professor Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran sedigheh nikbakht Department of Pediatric Neurology, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, ‎Khorramabad, Iran leila akhundzadeh Department of radiology, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, ‎Khorramabad, Iran Background: Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is a type of aggressive acute myeloid leukemia (AML), characterized by the presence of abnormal promyelocytes in the bone marrow and bloodstream. The abnormal promyelocytes found in APL can lead to severe complications such as bleeding and blood clot formation. Case presentation: A 7-year-old boy diagnosed with APL encountered a unique occurrence of isolated molecular relapse following a recent episode of SARS-CoV-2 infection while undergoing routine monitoring for treatment response. The relapse was confirmed by the detection of the PML/RARalpha gene abnormality in both the peripheral blood and bone marrow samples. Notably, during relapse, the boy displayed symptoms indicative of a cerebral ischemic stroke; however, effective management was achieved through the administration of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) and corticosteroids. Subsequently, the patient underwent an allogenic bone marrow transplantation. Of note, throughout an 18-month period of close monitoring, no complications were reported. Discussion: The detection of the PML-RARA transcript in peripheral blood can serve as a valuable tool for detecting isolated molecular relapse in pediatric APL. In cases where patients are undergoing immunosuppressive chemotherapy, the presence of neurological signs and symptoms may be the sole indicator of APL relapse, and it can be thoroughly investigated through the use of MRI with or without diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI). The administration of LMWH is a safe treatment strategy until D-dimer levels return to normal. It has been observed that COVID-19, as seen with other respiratory viruses, may potentially contribute to the relapse of pediatric APL, highlighting its significance in disease progression.

Iranian Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Society Iranian Journal of Blood and Cancer 2008-4595 15 4 2023 9 1 Review of endocrine complications in transfusion-dependent thalassemia 212 235 EN Pooya Faranoush Pediatric Growth and Development Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran-Iran Ali Elahinia Pediatric Growth and Development Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran-Iran Amir Ziaee Pediatric Growth and Development Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran-Iran Mohammad Faranoush Pediatric Growth and Development Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran-Iran Beta thalassemia is an inherited genetic disorder that often leads to transfusion dependence. One of the significant issues that these patients face is increased iron accumulation in their bodies due to the nature of the disease and regular blood transfusions. Iron overload can cause hemosiderosis and tissue damage in various organs, including the heart, liver, and endocrine systems. Endocrine problems are one of the most common complications in transfusion-dependent thalassemia, and addressing these complications can significantly improve patients' health-related quality of life. The prevalence of endocrinopathy is high, especially in patients with poor compliance with therapy. The most common endocrine disorders include hypogonadism, growth disturbances, short stature, delayed puberty, acquired hypothyroidism and hypoparathyroidism, adrenal dysfunction, osteoporosis, diabetes, fertility issues, and complications during pregnancy. Timely diagnosis and treatment of endocrine disorders can improve patients' quality of life and reduce social problems. This article reviews the literature on the various endocrine complications encountered in thalassemia.  

Iranian Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Society Iranian Journal of Blood and Cancer 2008-4595 15 4 2023 9 1 Wnt7b as a novel candidate in silico analysis of angiogenesis-related expressed genes in non-small cell lung cancer patients 236 252 EN Amin Soltanpor Dehkordi Department of Mycology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran Maryam Sayahinouri Department of Immunology, Afzalipour Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Haniyeh Sadat Hosseininia Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Science, Islamic Azad University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Alireza Kazempour Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Lahijan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Gilan, Iran Romina Mehtar Araghinia Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mazandaran, Iran Arman Saadati Partan Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch, Karaj, Iran Amin Ebrahimi Sadrabadi Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran Arsalan Jalili Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran According to the latest WHO report, lung cancer ranks among the top cancer-associated mortalities. Moreover, it has been related to a high rate of metastasis, which indicates the importance of angiogenesis. Histologically, lung cancer is divided into NSCLC and SCLC, with NSCLC being the most common. Angiogenesis is essential for tumor development. Additionally, immune cells, soluble factors, and ECM play a crucial role in their formation. this study reviews the angiogenesis formation factors in previous studies as well as analyzes in silico angiogenesis-related genes in NSCLCs. It is reported that EPhB2, PIK3R2, HSPB1and Wnt7b were the most upregulated angiogenesis genes. Among them, Wnt7b is the most prevalent in NSCLC subtypes. Moreover, a decrease of 50% in overall survival in both low and high Wnt7b transcripts per million was observed. First, three high-throughput GEO data sets with 18 lung cancer and normal samples were adopted to achieve the study purpose. Then, the up-and-down-regulated genes with p-value <0.05 were isolated. Next, the genes were taken to the Enrichr and the KEGG databases. Lastly, our in-silico analysis confirmed the gene expression connection between angiogenesis and lung cancer invasion.    

Iranian Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Society Iranian Journal of Blood and Cancer 2008-4595 15 4 2023 9 1 Digging deep into molecular pathways: Investigating the effects of 9S-HOD on leukemia cells using a systems biology approach 253 261 EN Vahid Mansouri Proteomics research center, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mona Zamanian Azodi Proteomics research center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Reza M Robati Skin research center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Zahra Razzagh Laser Application in Medical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Babak Arjmand Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. and Iranian Cancer Control Center (MACSA), Tehran, Iran Mostafa Rezaei Tavirani Proteomics research center, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mohammad Rostami Nejad Celiac Disease and Gluten Related Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Background: Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a malignant disorder characterized by a poor prognosis. Current therapeutic approaches include chemotherapy, steroids administration, and blood transfusion. Previous studies have highlighted the potential anticancer property of 9-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (9S-HOD). This molecular computational research aims to investigate the intricate molecular mechanism underlying the effects of 9S-HOD on leukemia cells. Methods: Utilizing proteomic data and the optimum numbers of the first neighbors from the STRING database, Cytoscape 3.9.1 along with its applications, NetworkAnalyzer and ClueGO+CuePedia were employed to analyze the constructed protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, its centrality and enrichments. Results: The analysis identified five proteins namely ACTB, HSP90AA1, GAPDH, TP53, and HSP90AB1 as potential central nodes within the PPI network. Furthermore, gene ontology analysis revealed “Response to salt stress” and “Positive regulation of type 1 interferon production” as enriched biological processes associated with these key elements of the PPI network. HSPA8, MYC, and KAT5 were identified as seed proteins within the sub-networks. Conclusion: The findings suggest that the effect of 9S-HOD on the leukemia cells primarily involves the regulation of ACTB, HSP90AA1, HSP90AB1, GAPDH, and TP53.  additionally, HSPA8, MYC, and KAT5 emerged as important proteins influenced by 9S-HOD.

Iranian Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Society Iranian Journal of Blood and Cancer 2008-4595 15 4 2023 9 1 The prevalence of Lupus Anticoagulant in Iranian children and adolescents; Current status and literature review of diagnosis 262 271 EN Minoo Ahmadinejad Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran. Sahar Balagholi Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran. Maryam Mashkooli Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran. Background: Lupus anticoagulant (LAC) is an acquired IgG or IgM autoimmune antibody against platelet membrane phospholipids. LAC is an important cause of aPTT prolongation in children. We determined the prevalence of LA-positive results in ≤ 18 years patients referred to the Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization (IBTO) special reference coagulation laboratory. Method: During a period of 27 months all patients ≤ 18 years old who were referred to IBTO and had results of aPTT and LAC were evaluated. LAC test panel included screening tests (aPTT-LA and DRVVT screen) and the mixing test and confirmatory tests (Hexagonal assay and/or DRVVT confirm) all performed by STAGO reagents and instruments. In cases with positive LAC, their follow-up refers to IBTO coagulation lab were evaluated after 12 weeks. Results: Our data revealed a LAC prevalence of 2.4% in the referred patients ≤ 18 years who had aPTT test result and 31% in those whom the LAC test was performed for them. In more than half of the LA-positive patients, the main reason for referring was an incidental finding of aPTT prolongation noticed before surgery or during hospitalization. Interestingly only 21.6% of the patients with positive LAC results were requested by the physician. Conclusions: LAC is not infrequent in children and adolescents however in most cases it is a transient problem without any significant clinical findings. Most of the cases (78.4%) were not suspected of LAC by their physicians so it may be frequently missed in children clinically.

Iranian Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Society Iranian Journal of Blood and Cancer 2008-4595 15 4 2023 9 1 Role of microorganisms in the developmental, prognostic, and therapeutics of gastric cancer 272 292 EN Sadaf Wajahat Department of Biosciences, Mohammad Ali Jinnah University, Karachi, Pakistan Gastric cancer (GC) is the most frequent destructive polyp allied to the GIT. It is reported as the foremost oncological complication with a prevalence ranks fifth and mortality ranks fourth worldwide with a survival rate of <25% in five years. In GC, men were observed as 2-3 times more susceptible to incidence and mortality than women. The GC patients experienced a burden of symptoms with multiple co-occurring symptoms including pain, weight loss, depression, fatigue, dysphagia, nausea, vomiting, etc. The risk factors of GC include infection of H. pylori, smoking, obesity, hereditary, high salt, radiation, and the frequent use of medications, etc. The role of genes, long-coding RNAs, metabolomics, machine learning, plant extracts, and nanoparticles has been studied for the progression, diagnosis, and treatment of GC. Due to the progressive stage diagnosis and lack of competent therapy, an imperative requirement is the identification of sensitive and accurate biomarkers towards the initial prognosis and the development of innovative therapeutic approaches. Microorganisms execute a momentous role in human health by contributing to immune system development and accomplishing an extensive range of metabolic functions. The disturbance in the stability of the microbes may stimulate various diseases including cancer. This review focuses on the role of microorganisms in the development, prognosis, and therapy of GC.

Iranian Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Society Iranian Journal of Blood and Cancer 2008-4595 15 4 2023 9 1 Guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of diabetes mellitus in patients with transfusion-dependent thalassemia 293 303 EN Mohammad E. Khamseh Endocrine Research Center, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran. Mojtaba Malek Research Center for Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran. Nahid Hashemi-madani Endocrine Research Center, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran. Fariba Ghassemi Pediatric Growth and Development Research Center, Iran University of medical sciences, Tehran-Iran Neda Rahimian Endocrine Research Center, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran. Amir Ziaee Pediatric Growth and Development Research Center, Iran University of medical sciences, Tehran-Iran Mohammad Reza Foroughi-Gilvaee Pediatric Growth and Development Research Center, Iran University of medical sciences, Tehran-Iran Pooya Faranoush Pediatric Growth and Development Research Center, Iran University of medical sciences, Tehran-Iran Negin Sadighnia Pediatric Growth and Development Research Center, Iran University of medical sciences, Tehran-Iran Ali Elahinia Pediatric Growth and Development Research Center, Iran University of medical sciences, Tehran-Iran Mohammad Reza Rezvany Pediatric Growth and Development Research Center, Iran University of medical sciences, Tehran-Iran Vahid Saeedi Endocrine Research Center, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran. Mohammad Faranoush Pediatric Growth and Development Research Center, Iran University of medical sciences, Tehran-Iran Thalassemia major hemoglobinopathy requires regular blood transfusions, often leading to iron overload due to repeated transfusions and increased intestinal iron absorption. The association between thalassemia major and metabolic complications, including diabetes and metabolic syndrome, has been recognized due to iron overload, insulin secretion impairment, insulin resistance, hepatic dysfunction, and other endocrine complications. These hormonal imbalances can also influence glucose metabolism and contribute to the development of metabolic syndrome. It's essential for individuals with thalassemia major to undergo regular monitoring of their glucose metabolism, including periodic assessments of fasting blood glucose, oral glucose tolerance tests, and measurement of Fructosamine. Early detection and management of diabetes and metabolic syndrome in thalassemia major patients are crucial to minimize complications and optimize overall health. Medical management may involve a combination of regular blood transfusions, iron chelation therapy to reduce iron overload, lifestyle modifications such as a healthy diet and physical activity, and, if needed, pharmacological interventions for glycemic control. Close collaboration between hematologists and endocrinologists is often necessary to provide comprehensive care for individuals with thalassemia major and metabolic complications.