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Background: Treating a chronic disease such as hemophilia is to improve the symptoms and quality of life (QOL) of the patients. This study aimed to study the quality of life among hemophilic children and compare the quality of life between patients receiving prophylactic or on demand treatments. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive-comparative study, we enrolled 60 patients from three main hemophilia care centers in Tehran. All patients were 4-7 year old. Half of the patients were receiving prophylactic and half were receiving on-demand treatment. The assessment tool was Heamo-QoL questionnaire which assesses the quality of life in different dimensions (physical, feeling, family, friends, others, attitude, treatment and behavior). In this instrument, higher points correspond to lower quality of life. The mean quality of life in each dimension and also the total score were determined. Quality of life was compared between prophylactic and on demand treatments. Results: The mean quality of life in groups receiving prophylactic and on-demand treatments were 2.6±0.3 and 3.33±0.4 respectively (P<0.001). All dimensions except “treatment” and “feeling” were different between groups. The highest impairments among patients, regardless of their treatment regimen, were in family and physical dimensions. Conclusion: It is necessary to pay more attention to prophylactic treatment in hemophilic children as it seems to provide a higher quality of life among patients. Keywords: Hemophilia, quality of life, prophylactic, treatment, on demand, Heamo-QoL.

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Abstract Background: Iron overload is a clinical consequence of repeated blood transfusions and causes significant organ damage, morbidity, and mortality in the absence of proper treatment. The primary targets of Iron chelators used for treating transfusional Iron overload are the prevention of Iron ingress into tissues and its intracellular scavenging. The present study was aimed at elucidating the capacity of clinically important Iron chelator, deferoxamine to gain access to intracellular Iron pools of key Iron accumulating cells (hepatocytes). Material and methods: The study was conducted as an in vivo investigation. Iron-rich chow fed rats and regular chow fed rats were given deferoxamine and hepatic Iron concentration was measured using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Results: In Iron-loaded rats, the results showed that deferoxamine did not alter hepatocyte Iron levels compared with the control group but increased urinary excretion. Conclusion: We conclude that short term deferoxamine treatment is ineffective in Iron removal from rat hepatocytes. Key words: Deferoxamine, Iron overload, hepatocytes.

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Background: Although several studies have been done on quality of life of patients with Sickle Cell Disease (SCD), there is little research on the correlation of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) with self-efficacy in these patients. We aimed to determine the association between HRQoL and self-efficacy in patients with SCD and to explore the role of self-efficacy and demographic-clinical variables in a sample of Iranian patients with SCD.
Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 97 SCD patients who had medical records in Shafa Hospital affiliated to the Ahvaz University of Medical Sciences were recruited. Data were collected using the Short-Form Health Survey SF-36 (RAND 36-item), the Sickle Cell Self-Efficacy Scale (SCSES) and a demographic-clinical information questionnaire during February to July 2013.
Results: The mean scores of physical and mental component summary of the SF-36 (PCS and MCS) was 45.58±19.94 and 48.1±19.63, respectively which were low in patients with SCD. Moreover, 50.5% of the patients reported a moderate level of self-efficacy (24.42±6.59). Regression models showed that self-efficacy was the most important predictor of the mental component summary (MCS) (β: 0.48, P=0.001). With a slight difference, it was the second strongest predictor of the physical component summary (PCS) (β: 0.28, P=0.003), after the variable of “renal disease history” in the context of SCD (β: -0.30, P=0.001). However, “blood transfusion history” was a common predictor for both the PCS (β: 0.20, P=0.03) and the MCS (β: 0.26, P=0.001) components of the HRQoL.
Conclusion: The results of this study can assist health policy makers and clinicians to plan holistic interventions by focusing on the level of self-efficacy in SCD patients.

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Cervical cancer is the fourth most common malignancy in women all over the world.1, 2 Ninety-five percent of cervical cancers occur as a result of persistent infection of the lower genital tract with the Human Papillomavirus (HPV).3 Two HPV types-16 and 18-are responsible for 71% of cervical cancer cases. There are some ways to prevent this highly contagious virus and we want to present some of them.

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Colorectal cancer (CRC) is amongst the most widespread cancers and is a most common cause of cancer associated mortality universally. Since previous decades, it has been cleared that CRC develops owing to the buildup of a series of genetic and epigenetic changes in the normal colonic epithelium. Regardless of the current development in surgery and therapies, overall survival of end stage CRC patients is extremely low. Different biomarkers are valuable means found in tissue, blood, or stool samples usually, they are efficiently used for CRC monitoring, because they occur in initial stage of disease and provide better identification, diagnosis, prognostication, and prediction of cancer. An accurate biomarker-based treatment and prediction approach will help Patients to get rid of unsuccessful treatments, involving clinical trial-based methods. It will also definitely inhibit under and over dosages of treatment as well as it will decrease pointless harmful side effects. This review focusses upon epidemiology, risk factors, molecular pathways, as well as Different DNA biomarkers and RNA biomarkers related to CRC. In this review, we will highlight the existing knowledge and advances in DNA based biomarkers (RAS, BRAF, cell free DNA, DNA methylation-based biomarkers, and Microsatellite Instability) and RNA-based biomarkers (MicroRNAs, non-coding RNAs, circular RNAs and PiRNAs) for CRC. Herein, we put emphasis for gathering of the latest facts related to biomarkers for obtaining their maximum possible advantages by promoting the clinical practice. New studies show the frequent usage of biomarkers, which will help in optimizing the best possible treatment approaches ultimately.
 

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The common reported adverse impacts of COVID-19 vaccination include the injection site’s local reaction followed by various non-specific flu-like symptoms. Nevertheless, uncommon cases of vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) and cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) following viral vector vaccines (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine, Ad26.COV2 vaccine) have been reported. This literature review was performed using PubMed and Google Scholar databases using appropriate keywords and their combinations: SARS-CoV-2, adenovirus, spike protein, thrombosis, thrombocytopenia, vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT), NF-kappaB, adenoviral vector, platelet factor 4 (PF4), COVID-19 Vaccine, AstraZeneca COVID vaccine, ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 COVID vaccine, AZD1222 COVID vaccine, coagulopathy. The abstracts and titles of each article were assessed by authors for screening and inclusion English reports about post-vaccine CVST and VITT in humans were also collected. Some SARS-CoV-2 vaccines based on viral vector, mRNA, or inactivated SARS-CoV-2 virus have been accepted and are being pragmatic global. Nevertheless, the recent augmented statistics of normally very infrequent types of thrombosis associated with thrombocytopenia have been stated, predominantly in the context of the adenoviral vector vaccine ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 from Astra Zeneca. The numerical prevalence of these side effects seems to associate with this particular vaccine type, i.e., adenoviral vector-based vaccines, but the meticulous molecular mechanisms are still not clear. The present review summarizes the latest data and hypotheses for molecular and cellular mechanisms into one integrated hypothesis demonstrating that coagulopathies, including thromboses, thrombocytopenia, and other associated side effects, are correlated to an interaction of the two components in the COVID-19 vaccine.
 

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Backgrounds: Kaposi sarcoma is a low-grade vascular tumor with the uniform expression of latent nuclear antigen-1 of the human herpes virus 8 (HHV-8). Differentiation of Kaposi sarcoma from other benign and malignant vascular or non-vascular spindle cell lesions is sometimes a manner of challenge. Thus, the expression of human herpes virus 8 in a fixed specimen would be diagnostically useful. This study aimed at immunohistochemical detection of human herpes virus-8 in cutaneous vascular lesions.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 46 cases of cutaneous vascular lesions including six cases of Kaposi Sarcoma, twenty-five cases of Pyogenic Granuloma, four cases of Angiolymphoid Hyperplasia with Eosinophilia, three cases of Masson Tumor, two cases of Arteriovenous Hemangioma, two cases of Sclerosing Hemangioma, three cases of Angiofibroma, and one case of Lymphangioma. After histologic confirmation, immunohistochemistry was done on sections of paraffin-embedded tissue with mouse anti-HHV-8 antibody.
Results: Of 46 patients, 27 (58.7%) were male and 19 (41.3%) were female, and the mean age was 46.36±17.48 years. All 6 Kaposi sarcoma cases showed strong, nuclear staining for HHV-8 (100%). All 6 patients with HHV-8 positive results were older than 60 years.  Sarcoma cases included four (66.7%) resection specimens from the soft tissues of the leg and two (33.3%) resection specimens from the soft tissues of the hand.
Conclusions: The high sensitivity and specificity of the immunohistochemical method for detecting HHV-8 in skin lesions, especially Kaposi sarcoma, makes it a reliable and cost-effective tool to differentiate Kaposi sarcoma from other vascular and non-vascular spindle cell lesions.

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Thalassemia major hemoglobinopathy requires regular blood transfusions, often leading to iron overload due to repeated transfusions and increased intestinal iron absorption. The association between thalassemia major and metabolic complications, including diabetes and metabolic syndrome, has been recognized due to iron overload, insulin secretion impairment, insulin resistance, hepatic dysfunction, and other endocrine complications. These hormonal imbalances can also influence glucose metabolism and contribute to the development of metabolic syndrome. It's essential for individuals with thalassemia major to undergo regular monitoring of their glucose metabolism, including periodic assessments of fasting blood glucose, oral glucose tolerance tests, and measurement of Fructosamine. Early detection and management of diabetes and metabolic syndrome in thalassemia major patients are crucial to minimize complications and optimize overall health. Medical management may involve a combination of regular blood transfusions, iron chelation therapy to reduce iron overload, lifestyle modifications such as a healthy diet and physical activity, and, if needed, pharmacological interventions for glycemic control. Close collaboration between hematologists and endocrinologists is often necessary to provide comprehensive care for individuals with thalassemia major and metabolic complications. 

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