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Introduction: Leukocytes causing a wide variety of side effects after transfusion are present in all blood products prepared by standard methods. As a consequence, the use of filter technology for leukoreduction has been widely practiced .According to AABB accreditation in 1996, leukoreduced blood components must contain less than 5×106 leukocytes per unit, but sometimes this value is higher even in leukoreduced products. In this study we did absolute leukocyte count in filtered (home made bedside filter) packed cell units by two methods of true count as standard method and CD45 MoAb.

Materials & Methods: 93 packed cell units were stored at 4°c and filtered by two types of home-made filters according to manufacturer's instructions. Furthermore, eight packed cell units were filtered by Europe certified control group filters (bio-fil). Sample preparation was done according to True count kit and CD45 MoAb procedures and analysis was performed by flowcytometry (EPICS-XL,coulter) and (Partec PAS III).The results were then analyzed by chi2 test via SPSS.

Results: The mean values of leukocyte count/unit by anti CD45 and True count method were 9×106 and 10×106 respectively in 55 pre-revised filter bags these figures were 4.2×106 and 4.8×106 in 30 post-revised filters, whereas the mean leukocyte count/bag in eight control filters was 2.3×106,we selected randomly eight test units out of 53 and 30 pre-revised and post-revised filtered bags, respectively(equal with number of units in the control group) to compare the test and control groups The mean values of leukocyte count/bag in pre-revised test group was 7.9±5.4×106 and in postrevised test group was 4.2 ×106 but in the control group it was 2.3 ×106 (p value<0.05).

Discussion: According to the results, the mean leukocyte count/bag in pre-revised group was higher than AABB standard. 38.2 % of bags had lower and 61.8 % had higher leukocyte count than the standard value (48.9 to 74.6 % with CI=95 %), this indicates the necessity of revision in product technology of homemade filters. relevant manufacturer revised the product technology and material accordingly, so that new filters (post-revised group) reduced leukocytes within standard limits (leukocyte count in 6 bags were out of standard range).In post-revise filter group, 20 % had a leukocyte count of more than 5×106 while 80% showed less than this value (5.7%-34.3% with CI=95%).There is a significant difference between control and pre-revised test groups (p=0.03).In post-revised test group, despite significant differences, the mean values of leukocyte count/bag were within normal standard range. The results of this research caused home-made filter production with higher quality.

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Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is very uncommon in infancy and skin as the primary site of involvement in Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is rarely encountered. We describe a 10-month-old infant with T-cell Non-Hodgkin lymphoma who presented with multiple skin nodules as the predominant feature of her disease. The clinical manifestations, treatment strategy and disease outcome are reviewed. Key words: Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, T-cell, skin nodules, infancy.

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Background: Platelet preparations have been used for a wide variety of clinical applications such as hemorrhage, tissue engineering and cellular therapy. Platelet concentrates can be prepared by the apheresis method or from the whole blood using the Buffy-coat or Platelet-rich plasma methods. The purpose of this study was to compare four variations of platelet-rich plasma method based on double centrifugation protocol to identify the optimal centrifugation conditions with greatest platelet recovery and highest enrichment capacity for preparing platelet concentrates. Materials and Methods: Blood samples were obtained from 145 donors, chosen randomly from the donation department at the Tehran Blood Transfusion Center, Tehran, Iran. Four variations of platelet-rich plasma methods were selected for preparation of platelet concentrates. Platelet counting analysis was performed on samples and platelet enrichment and platelet recovery were calculated by investigating the correlation between the number of platelets in the whole blood, platelet-rich plasma and platelet concentrates. Results: Platelet count analysis revealed that the method performed with 2100 ×g for 2.30 min in the first centrifugation step and 4150 ×g for 6 min in the second centrifugation step had the highest platelet enrichment (5.59fold) and greatest platelet recovery (78.63%). Conclusion: Within the limits of this study, it can be concluded that 2100 ×g for 2.30 min in the first centrifugation step and 4150 ×g for 6 min in the second centrifugation step yielded the greatest platelet recovery and highest enrichment capacity and is a good choice for preparing platelet concentrates. Keywords: Platelet, concentrates, plasma, centrifugation, recovery, enrichment.

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Midface bones are an unusual site for primary presentation and relapse in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Herein, we describe a case of acute pre B cell lymphoblastic leukemia with leukemic infiltration of maxilla and bone marrow involvement. At the time of relapse, the patient presented again with maxilla involvement and the phenotype changed to biphenotypic lymphoblastic leukemia. Our case suggests that leukemic involvement of the maxilla should be considered in differential diagnosis of patients presenting with acute painful midface swelling. These patients should be evaluated using imaging modalities, blood parameters and histopathology. Keywords: Face, bone, leukemia, relapse, acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

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Background: Burkitt lymphoma is a common subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in children. It has a rapid and aggressive clinical course with frequent involvement of bone marrow and central nervous system. Systemic chemotherapy is the mainstay of the treatment for this malignancy in children. In this systematic review, we discuss autologous and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and its indications in pediatric patients with Burkitt lymphoma.
Methods: The Medline (PubMed) database was searched using all keywords and phrases. The studies were identified by utilizing a combination of MeSH terms, such as Burkitt lymphoma, stem cell transplantation, autologous transplantation and allogeneic transplantation. Articles which were not published as full articles (conference proceedings excluded) were excluded. Relevant articles published during 2000-2015 were included.
Results: 13 articles met the inclusion criteria and were discussed.
Conclusion: Both autologous and allogeneic HSCT may improve survival in patients with BL. Autologous HSCT is mainly considered for patients with high-risk features of BL at presentation; however, allo-HSCT with non-myeloablative conditioning regimens are preferred for advanced stages and relapsed/refractory disease. 

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Extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH) is a physiological compensatory phenomenon occurring in many hemolytic anemias including thalassemia. Besides transfusion, radiotherapy, surgery or a combination of these modalities, hydroxyurea (HU) as an optimal treatment has been described occasionally. We described a case of beta-thalassemia major who has been on regular blood transfusion and developed EMH that was treated with HU combined with radiotherapy.
EMH should also be considered in thalassemia major patients, although it is more common in non-transfusion dependent thalassemia patients. HU combined with low dose radiotherapy along with regular blood transfusion are suggested as good treatment options for patients with EMH.

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Background: Nephrotoxicity secondary to doxorubicin (DOX) may be associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. We aimed to assess the efficacy of Deferoxamine (DFO) in preventing DOX-induced nephrotoxicity in pediatric malignancy.
Methods: This Parallel-group randomized clinical trial was done on 62 children aged 2-18 years who had new onset malignancy treated with DOX. They were randomly assigned in three groups; group 1 (no intervention, n=21), group II (DFO 10 times DOX dose, n=20), group III (DFO 50mg/kg, n=21). Patients in the intervention groups received DFO concomitant with DOX 8-hour intravenous infusion in each chemotherapy course. Blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, electrolytes, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and albumin levels, urine microalbumin, urine protein/creatinine ratio, and urine N-acetyl-β-D- glucosaminidase (NAG) as well as findings of kidney ultrasonography were compared between the groups after the last course of chemotherapy. The primary outcome was to compare the radiologic and serologic markers of glomerular and tubular damage between the 3 groups.
Results: Sixty patients were analyzed. Patients treated with DFO 10 times the dose of DOX had significantly lower urine NAG level compared to the control group (P=0.032). No significant renal damage was reported in their ultrasonography in the 3 groups. DFO was safely tolerated without any adverse effect.
Conclusion: DFO with 10-times the DOX dose may effectively prevent DOX-induced nephrotoxicity at least at the molecular level. Increasing the dose of DFO is not accompanied by better efficacy.
Trial registration: IRCT2016021915666N3