Volume 17, Issue 2 (June-2025 2025)                   Iranian Journal of Blood and Cancer 2025, 17(2): 70-82 | Back to browse issues page

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Esmaeilzadeh A A, Azizikhezri D, Fatahi Z, Saeidi H, Fazel M, Nasirzadeh F. Oncogenes as Diagnostic Biomarkers in Breast Cancer: A Review of Molecular Detection and Clinical Utility. Iranian Journal of Blood and Cancer 2025; 17 (2) :70-82
URL: http://ijbc.ir/article-1-1748-en.html
Oncogenes as Diagnostic Biomarkers in Breast Cancer: A Review of Molecular Detection and Clinical Utility
Amir Abbas Esmaeilzadeh *1 , Dorsa Azizikhezri2 , Zahra Fatahi3 , Hamed Saeidi4 , Mohammadtaghi Fazel5 , Fatemeh Nasirzadeh6
1- Department of Research of Salamat Yar Behesht Dayan, Dayanbiotech Co, Iran. , ab.esmailzadeh@yahoo.com
2- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
3- Imam reza hospital, kermanshah university of medical science, kermanshah, iran
4- Department of Biology, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Iran
5- Department of Research, Ocean Pharmaceutical Products Company, Tehran, Iran.
6- Department of Life Science Engineering, Tehran University, Iran.
Abstract:   (934 Views)
Breast cancer management has been revolutionized by the identification of key oncogenes which serve as critical diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. These molecular alterations influence tumor behavior, treatment response, and patient outcomes, enabling personalized therapeutic strategies. This review comprehensively examined the most prominent oncogenes—HER2, PIK3CA, MYC, and BRCA1/2—implicated in breast carcinogenesis, the technologies used for their detection, and their implications for precision oncology. HER2 amplification, found in 15-20% of breast cancers, is associated with aggressive disease but responds well to targeted therapies like trastuzumab. While IHC and FISH remain standard detection methods, emerging technologies such as NGS improve sensitivity. PIK3CA mutations, common in HR+ tumors, drive therapy resistance but can be targeted with PI3K inhibitors, though clinical responses vary. The MYC oncogene promotes tumor proliferation and poor prognosis, but its therapeutic targeting remains challenging due to its complex role. BRCA1/2 mutations significantly increase hereditary breast cancer risk, particularly in TNBC and HR+ subtypes. PARP inhibitors have shown remarkable efficacy in BRCA-mutated cancers, highlighting the importance of genetic testing. Despite these advances, challenges such as tumor heterogeneity, assay standardization, and biomarker validation persist. Future directions include multi-omics integration, liquid biopsy development, and AI-driven diagnostics to refine precision oncology approaches.
Keywords: Breast Cancer, Oncogenes, Biomarkers
Full-Text [PDF 501 kb]   (933 Downloads)    
: Review Article | Subject: Adults Hematology & Oncology
Received: 2025/06/2 | Accepted: 2025/06/27 | Published: 2025/06/30
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