Gallbladder Cancer: An Overview of Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Novel Approaches in Molecular Screening and Treatment Strategies

Fatima, Naseem; Raza, Syed Tasleem; Kumar, Vijay

Volume 18, Issue 1 (March-2026 2026) Iranian Journal of Blood and Cancer 2026, 18(1): 85-101 | Back to browse issues page

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Fatima N, Raza S T, Kumar V. Gallbladder Cancer: An Overview of Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Novel Approaches in Molecular Screening and Treatment Strategies. Iranian Journal of Blood and Cancer 2026; 18 (1) :85-101
URL: http://ijbc.ir/article-1-1796-en.html

Gallbladder Cancer: An Overview of Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Novel Approaches in Molecular Screening and Treatment Strategies

Naseem Fatima¹

, Syed Tasleem Raza ^*²

, Vijay Kumar³

1- Department of Biochemistry, Era’s Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Lucknow, India.
2- Department of Biochemistry, Era’s Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Lucknow, India. , tasleem24@gmail.com
3- Department of Surgical Oncology, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, India.

Abstract: (22 Views)

Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is an infrequent type of malignant neoplasm and ranks fifth among gastrointestinal malignancies in the world. However, GBC is prevalent in India, and population-based cancer registries’ (PBCRs) data revealed its higher incidence rate in North India. Due to the fact that the etiology of this cancer is quite complex, the majority of the cases are diagnosed at a very advanced stage owing to a lack of clinical appearance, which is non-specific. The majority of the cases come to light by coincidence at the time of histopathological examination of cholecystectomy. Several risk factors have been reported that may play an important role in the development and progression of GBC. There is a strong association between gallbladder inflammatory diseases (GIDs), including cholelithiasis (gallstones) and GBC. The presence of gallstones increases the risk of GBC more than threefold and appears to be stronger among ethnic groups that have higher rates of GBC. Surgery is the primary treatment that can cure early-stage gallbladder cancer. Apart from surgery, the use of immunotherapy, molecularly targeted medications, and new developments in radiation and chemotherapy (neoadjuvant-adjuvant gemcitabine, cisplatin, and capecitabine) has made gallbladder cancer treatment more promising in recent years, but there is still insufficient evidence to support their ability to improve patient outcomes, so more research is needed to address these issues; therefore, customized care needs to be used.

Keywords: Gallbladder Malignancy, Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Prognosis and Treatment Strategy

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: Review Article | Subject: Adults Hematology & Oncology
Received: 2025/12/18 | Accepted: 2026/02/14 | Published: 2026/03/31

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