Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has been practiced for more than 30 years. Hematological malignancies
are the main indications for this treatment. However, its indications in adults are different from children.
Advances in chemotherapy and target therapy have improved treatment outcome of some of the very high risk
cancers, and changed indications of HSCT in children. Multi-center clinical trials evaluating outcome of childhood
cancers using different therapeutic protocols are needed to precisely define the role of HSCT. A review on the current
literature about HSCT indications in pediatric cancers is presented in this manuscript.